Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure in the arteries. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels as it circulates through the body.
Two measurements are used to determine blood pressure:
1. Systolic pressure: The top number in a blood pressure reading represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts and pumps blood.
2. Diastolic pressure: The bottom number represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats.
Blood pressure is typically expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure (e.g., 120/80 mmHg).
Hypertension is diagnosed when blood pressure consistently measures at or above 130/80 mmHg. It is classified into two main types:
1. Primary (essential) hypertension: This is the most common type and does not have a specific identifiable cause. It develops gradually over time due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including lifestyle choices such as diet, physical activity, and stress.
2. Secondary hypertension: This type is caused by an underlying medical condition or medication. Some examples include kidney disease, hormonal disorders, certain medications (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and sleep apnea.
Hypertension is often called the "silent killer" because it typically does not cause noticeable symptoms until it reaches severe levels or leads to complications. However, it can silently damage various organs and increase the risk of serious health problems, including:
- Heart disease: High blood pressure strains the heart, leading to conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and heart failure.
- Stroke: Increased pressure can damage blood vessels in the brain, leading to a higher risk of strokes.
- Kidney disease: Hypertension can impair kidney function and contribute to the development of chronic kidney disease.
- Eye problems: It can cause damage to the blood vessels in the eyes, leading to vision loss or retinopathy.
Managing hypertension is crucial to prevent complications. Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications and medication prescribed by a healthcare professional. Lifestyle changes often recommended for managing or preventing hypertension include:
- Adopting a healthy diet, such as the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, which emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products while reducing sodium intake.
- Engaging in regular physical activity, such as aerobic exercise, for at least 150 minutes per week.
- Maintaining a healthy weight and body mass index (BMI).
- Limiting alcohol consumption.
- Quitting smoking.
- Managing stress through relaxation techniques, exercise, and other stress-reduction methods.
Regular blood pressure monitoring and routine check-ups with a healthcare professional are essential for individuals with hypertension to ensure their blood pressure is controlled effectively and to address any concerns or adjustments needed in the treatment plan.
It's important to note that the information provided here is for informational purposes only, and you should consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice and guidance regarding hypertension diagnosis, treatment, and management.